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Kievan Rus' (Old East Slavic Рѹ́сь, Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, Greek Ῥωσία, Latin Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia,〔〔(Magocsi (2010) ), p. 73.〕 Old Norse Garðaríki) was a loose federation〔John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia'' (Penguin, 1995), p.16.〕 of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century,〔(Kievan Rus ), Encyclopædia Britannica Online.〕 under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, it stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east,〔(Kyivan Rus’ ), Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.〕〔''See'' (Historical map of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1054 ).〕 uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes.〔 Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east〔 and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.〔Bushkovitch, Paul. ''A Concise History of Russia.'' Cambridge University Press. 2011.〕 The state declined beginning in the late 11th century and during the 12th century, disintegrating into various rival regional powers.〔Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (1993), p.15.〕 It was further weakened by economic factors such as the collapse of Rus' commercial ties to Byzantium due to the decline of Constantinople and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory. The state finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1240s. == Name == (詳細はRus'" (Old East Slavic: , from the ethnonym ; Greek: ; Arabic: ), in Greek as , in Old French as , in Latin as (with local German spelling variants ''Ruscia'' and ''Ruzzia''), and from the 12th century also ''ラテン語:Ruthenia''.〔 ''Назаренко А. В.'' (Глава I ) // (Древняя Русь на международных путях: Междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX—XII вв. ) — М.: Языки русской культуры, 2001. — c. 40, 42—45, 49—50. — ISBN 5-7859-0085-8.〕 Various etymologies have been proposed, including ''Ruotsi'', the Finnish designation for Sweden, and ''Ros'', a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region.〔Paul R. Magocsi, ''(A History of Ukraine )'' (2010), pp.56-57.〕 The term "Kievan Rus'" () was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's ''A History of Russia'',〔Vasily Klyuchevsky, ''(A History of Russia )'', vol. 3, pp. 98, 104〕 to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named ''Rus''. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as and , respectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kievan Rus'」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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